iHBffl 



DEPARti^gNT: or 




M 



LLEGE 

MAINE 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT 



OF THE DEPARTMENT OF 



Physical Training and Hygiene 



COMBINED WITH A 



HISTORY OF THIS DEPARTMENT 



AND 



RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE DIRECTOR. 



BY 

W. W. BOLSTER, Jr. 



BATES COLLEGE, 

LEWISTON, MAINE, 



UBRARYot OONGRtSSJ 


fwu Copies 


KectaveU 


JUM 21 


1905 


^UoyyriKni tniry 



<l1 



Copyrighted June 7, 1905, 
by WILLIAM WHEELER BOLSTER, JR. 



Anyone quoting from this report without permission from the author will be 
prosecuted. This report is sent only to graduates and officers of Bates College, to 
be used by them for the benefit of the College. Every statement connected with 
the management of Bates College is specifically mentioned in the copyright 
papers. 



MEEEILX, & WEBBER, 3PRINTERS AND MINDERS, 
08 MAIN STREET, AT7BURN. 



PREFACE. 

After ten years of service as Director of Physical Train- 
ing and Hygiene at Bates College, I have this month handed 
in my resignation. 

At this time I have three definite objects in publishing my 
tenth annual report and sending it to the alumni and officers 
of Bates College. 

First. I believe the college will be benefited by a plain 
statement of facts, made directly to those interested in the 
progress of the college. 

Second. I wish all the alumni to understand clearly 
that I have always stood squarely for clean athletic sports, 
free from commercialism, with a standard of scholarship for 
all athletes; that when I have offered suggestions, I have 
done so only when I thought I could advance the best 
interests of Bates College. 

Third. I want my successor to escape some of the un- 
pleasant experience in overcoming extreme conservatism. I 
want him to have the support necessary to conduct this de- 
partment. Believing this can be accomplished only when 
the alumni and officers of the college clearly understand the 
existing conditions, I have obtained from some of the leading 
men in the United States their opinions as to the duties of a 
Department of Physical Training and Hygiene. I also pre- 
sent a plain statement of the athletic conditions in three col- 
leges, with a view of showing some of the difficulties that 
have to be met by the head of this department. 

The best interests of Bates College prompt me to make a 
plain statement of facts, together with suggestions which, as 
an alumnus, I firmly believe, if carried out, will be a great 
benefit to the future progress and growth of Bates College, 



DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING 
AND HYGIENE. 

What constitutes a Department of Physical Training and 
Hygiene? What should be the duties of the Director of 
Physical Training in regard to exercise and the hygienic 
conditions of the college? What is the tendency of modern 
medicine? 

The answer to the first two of these questions depends 
somewhat on the existing conditions. I shall confine my- 
self to conditions existing in the college of from 300 to 500 
students. 

The basal object of this department is the maintenance 
of the health and the physical development of the students. 
Among the first essentials for the maintenance of health 
are hygienic surroundings, good water, properly prepared 
food, first class ventilation and systematic exercise. 

The duties of the Director should then be to see that the 
surroundings are hygienic, and then instruct those under 
his care in the laws governing health, not only personal 
hygiene, but also the laws of sanitation, that include venti- 
lation of the buildings and rooms. The Director should 
see that their food is prepared according to the requisites of 
a suitable diet. This demands not only the proper amount 
and proportion of the proximate principles, but the diet 
must be adapted to the individual and the amount of work 
he performs, and be supplied in a digestible form. He 
should see that every student exercises regularly and system- 
atically. 

It seems to me that one of the duties that ought to come 
under this department is to inspect, at regular intervals, all 
the college buildings and to report to a committee on hygiene 
or to correct unsanitary conditions. 



6 BATES COLLEGE 

This should include, where a college boards students, in- 
spection of ice-chests, serving-rooms, food during prepara- 
tion, and serving. The equipment of every club ought to be 
such that food could be properly kept, served hot and in an 
attractive manner. The proper preparation and service of 
food is almost as important hygienically as a correct choice 
of a balanced ration, which should vary according to the 
season of the year. 

After the Director has examined a student, the kind and 
amount of exercise should be outlined, and the required 
amount taken by each strident. 

The Director of Physical Training should be the execu- 
tive head of this department, and should receive the unani- 
mous support of the faculty in all matters pertaining to the 
physical condition of the students. 

As to the hygienic and therapeutic value of regulated 
exercise, there is bat little difference of opinion to-day. 
Intelligent physicians are each year coming to depend less 
on drugs and more and more upon general hygiene, in the 
treatment of disease. 

I quote from Dr. White of University of Pennsylvania. 
*'It w^ould scarcely be too much to say that the intelligence 
of a physician might be accurately estimated by his under- 
standing and application of the effects of climate, environ- 
ment, occupation, diet, and exercise, as compared with his 
use of drugs." 

In our advancing civilization, we have come to neglect 
many fundamental hygienic principals. Disease has been 
lessened by the discovery of technical methods of prevention 
and cure ; but the needs of the body, the essential and prim- 
itive requirements of health, old as the race itself, are 
constantly forgotten or ignored. The air breathed by 
crowds, the dust and dirt of great cities, the covering of 
tlie body surface so as to exclude the direct rays of the sun, 
the substitution of sedentary and slothful habits for a life 



1 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 7 

of incessant activity, the modification in diet and drink, 
changes in environment, with little or no change in the 
organism, are responsible for many diseases. 

Education to-day is far more general than ever before, 
is begun earlier, is continued later in life ; examinations, 
with attendant nervous tension, have multiplied. All this 
occurs during the developmental period, when the founda- 
tions of health and strength should be laid. With all the 
good that comes from the comparatively wide defusion of 
education and of knowledge, there comes the counter-balanc- 
ing evil, the increased percentage of brain diseases, associated 
undoubtedly with the substitution of mental for physical 
strain in the struggle for existence, and having its founda- 
tion too often in the period devoted to education. 

Organic nature demands the four most primitive re- 
quirements of health — sunlight, oxygen, food to replace 
worn-out cells, and motion or exercise. 

The demands of civilization — clothing, habits and houses, 
have cut us off from all but an infinitesimal proportion of 
the sunlight in which the entire bodies of our ancestors were 
bathed continuously. The supply of oxygen to the indi- 
vidual has been dangerously reduced by the greatly in- 
creased time spent indoors, often in poorly ventilated 
rooms, often amid crowds of his fellow-beings, who have 
vitiated the atmosphere he is breathing. 

The ease with which food may be procured has led to 
overeating as a race habit, disease instead of health. 
Vigorous exercise as a means to a livelihood has become less 
and less necessary ; as a result, muscles have become flabby, 
respiration shallow, circulation less active, oxygenation of 
the blood more imperfect, and susceptibility to disease 
greater. 

We may believe with Herbert Spencer that, as vigorous 
health and its accompanying high spirits constitute the 
largest elements of happiness, the teaching how to maintain 



8 BATES COLLEGE 

them is a teaching that should yield in importance to no 
other. Many begrudge themselves the hours taken from 
study, from books, or from lessons, for the purpose of exer- 
cise. Fortunately the association of mental and muscular 
development has been shown by modern scientific research to 
be closer than was formerly suspected by the most earnest 
believer in exercise. This has been satisfactorily explained 
by physiologists of to-day. The intellectual value of exer- 
cise has been placed upon the same logical and scientific 
basis as its physical value. It is asserted that <' there is no 
brain stimulus except that which comes through muscle." 

It is thus that the increased beneficial effect of exercise 
associated with games is reasonably explained. It is through 
the reciprocal effort of muscle and mind that the activity of 
one is translated into corresponding activity of the other. 
Apply this principal to a specific game, football. Some in- 
telligent persons condemn this game and express wonder at 
the interest and enthusiasm it excites. That interest and 
that enthusiasm, as manifested by hundreds of thousands of 
Americans to-day, are based on an instinctive appreciation of 
the fact that in a large sense this game meets the reqirements 
existing in our colleges. Boys from childhood onward are 
surrounded by the enervating influences of the times, pro- 
tected not only from pain but from discomfort ; guarded not 
only against danger but against inconvenience; want, priva- 
tion and genuine toil are mere words ; luxury, such as was 
not dreamt of a few generations ago, are familiar circum- 
stances. What wonder that a game which demands from its 
players self-subordination, obedience to orders, quick and 
accurate thinking coincident with extreme physical effort, 
absolute freedom from even a tinge of cowardice, indifference 
to fatigue, to pain, to danger, loyalty to an ideal; what 
wonder that such a game should arouse and hold the interest 
of the people of this country to whom, in spite of extrava- 



REPORT. 



gance and self-indulgence, the manly virtues appeal as to no 
other people since the days of Sparta. 

Let us sum up the conditions as they exist to-day and 
and observe why the officers of every educational institution 
should assign hours for agreeable exercise and for pleasurable 
athletic gilmes, and why they are acting for the very best 
interests of the students physically, intellectually and mor- 
ally by requiring regular systematic exercise. 

Circumstances have deprived the human race of most of 
the sunlight and much of the oxygen to which our ancestors 
for centuries were accustomed ; have much reduced the 
necessity for exercise for the purpose of mere maintenance 
of life and have made food so easily procurable that more is 
eaten than is required for the repair of waste, additional 
strain thus being thrown on the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, 
bloodvessels, skin and brain. 

Associated circumstances make the present demands upon 
the nervous system, which should include the mind and the 
morals, far greater than in times past, both during the 
educational period and in later life. 

In the period extending from childhood to early life, 
must, if ever, be laid the foundations of the health and 
strength without which later effective work becomes impossi- 
ble. No thinking or observant educator, who has been so 
situated as to know of the personal life of large numbers of 
boys and. of young men, can fail to recognize the value of 
strenuous physical endeavor in aiding them to avoid various 
pitfalls which beset the steps of youth and adolescence, as 
well as more advanced age. 

It is certain that exercise is one of the most important 
therapeutic agencies at the command of the physician in the 
acquirement and preservation of health ; that it can be pre- 
scribed on as rational a basis as any of the drugs ; that in 
appropriate cases it increases not only the muscular strength 
and general vitality, but also the activity and vigor of the 



10 BATES COLLEGE 

brain ; it thus augments the working power of the individual, 
and by means of the health and strength which it confers 
makes it possible for him to equal or excel with ease any less 
strong or less healthy business or professional rival. 

These conditions existing, the following requirements 
should be made by every college in the land : 

(1) That when the weather permits, almost daily for a 
healthy youth, some part of each day shall be spent in the 
open air, in the practice of some game, sport, or feat of skill 
or strength. This will not only strengthen the body but 
will maintain health. The brain will at the same time be 
educated in many important directions. 

(2) At other times the same period should be spent 
carrying out a graded and systematized series of exercises in 
a well-lighted, well-ventilated gymnasium. Without this no 
educational institution is fitted to discharge its functions. 

(3) All sports and exercises should be adapted to the 
needs and capability of the individual ; proper advice should 
at the same time be given as to diet, clothing, and general 
hygiene with reference to existing defects or probable in- 
heritance. 

(4) All competitive sports should be encouraged, as 
highly important factors in securing outdoor exercise for the 
greatest possible number of young men. It is true that evils 
exist with competitive sports, but when clean athletics and 
scholarship are maintained, such evils as exist are more than 
counterbalanced by the good effects of these sports on body, 
mind and morals. 

METHOD OF CONDUCTING WORK IN PHYSICAL 
TRAINING. 

ThQ first duty of the Director should be to see that every 
student takes regular exercise. 

At Bates not over twenty-five per cent, of the (men) stu- 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 11 

dents attain positions on the athletic teams, nor over fifty 
per cent, ever try for them. That leaves about half of all 
the (men) students at Bates without any motive for physical 
training such as appeals to them in other departments of 
college activity. To be sure, there should be one grand 
motive, the attainment of health and physical perfection for 
its own sake. 

If we are to be practical, we must have the physical de- 
partment on the same basis as the other departments of edu- 
cation; we must adopt the same method of stimulating pu- 
pils to active efforts. That is, we must furnish them with 
some immediate and imperative motive for action. Give 
credit towards the degree for work done in Physical Train- 
ing. The credit should be on the same basis as that given 
for a laboratory period. 

The adoption of credit for work done would insure the 
student athletes against carrying their athletics to such an 
excess as to lower their rank and mental standing, and 
scholarship men against carrying their mental work to such 
an excess as to impair their health and physical standing. 

Shall there be one department? Or shall there be two: (1) 
Gymnastics and general exercise, and (2) Athletics? If two, 
what shall be the object of each, and the relation of the Di- 
rector of Physical Training to each? 

I recommend two departments. This would require an 
athletic coach for foot-ball and base-ball, as an associate or 
assistant to the Director of Physical Training. The 
Director should be the executive head of this department. 

The Director of Physical Training is paid to instruct 
students in rational exercise, physiology and hygiene; to 
protect the students from an over-zealous coach who might 
play men unfit and out of condition, or use such drugs as 
strychnine, belladonna and alcoholic stimulants to win a 
contest. 

The following quotation is taken from H. B. Needham's 



12 BATES COLLEGE 

article published in the June number of McClure's Magazine. 
"The Coach is paid to win. If he develops a winning team, 
his services will be retained; if his team meets with defeat, 
there is something radically wrong with his methods. He 
has not 'delivered the goods.' No coach can lose two or 
three seasons and hold his position: the students lose confi- 
dence and take into consideration only one fact: he failed to 
win." 

The Director should not be held responsible for victories 
and defeats of any athletic team. He should make the phy- 
sical examinations, and decide whether a man is in condition 
to enter a contest or not; have charge of the condition of the 
men; conduct the gymnasium work; teach physiology and 
hygiene, and supervise the college health. 

The Athletic coach should instruct the men in the tech- 
nique of foot-ball, base-ball and track athletics; should be 
held responsible for the field work of the teams; assist the 
Director in some of the routine work of the department. 

The Director of Physical Training should be paid by the 
College, and be held responsible for the health of the stu- 
dents: the Athletic coach should be paid by the Athletic As- 
sociation and be held responsible for the field work of the 
teams. 

Unless Bates College is to neglect the fifty per cent, of 
her students who most need to increase their physical effi- 
ciency, two men must be employed. If our students are to 
receive equal training with the other colleges, a track coach 
is needed from four to six weeks. It is impossible for one 
man to look after the physical exercise of 360 students and 
give the three athletic teams technical training in their re- 
spective sports. In charge of the mental and moral develop- 
ment of the students are eighteen men, — a number far too 
small. For the department of physical training and hygi- 
ene, two regular men, with a track assistant for a month, to 
look after the physical development of all the students and 



PHYSICAL DIRECTORS REPORT. 13 

the technical training of athletic teams of the college, are 
needed for effective work. 

In order to obtain the opinions of the leading men in the 
country on the organization of a Department of Physical 
Training and Hygiene, 1 sent a questionare to twelve col- 
leges and schools. Eleven replies have been received to date. 
Ten inquiries were sent to colleges, one to Y. M. C. A. 
Training School at Springfield, Mass., one to a large, well- 
equipped preparatory school at Lawrenceville, N. J. 

The questions asked were as follows: 

Should the Director be considered the executive head of 
the department? Should he be held responsible for the suc- 
cess or failure of any inter-collegiate team? 

Should the Director teach Physiology and Hygiene? 

Should the Director have charge of the construction and 
equipment of gymnasiums and other atheletic buildings? 

Should the ventilation, water, lights and oversight of 
food, when the college board students, be under the general 
control of this department? 

How many coaches do you think advisable or necessary, 
where the college (300 to 500 students) engages in foot-ball, 
base-ball, tennis, track and field games, also requires gymna- 
sium work? 

Should coaches be considered as assistants and under 
Director's control? 

Should the Director have charge of the athletic field and 
track, including repairing of the track, base-ball diamond, 
etc. ? 

Should the college control the finances of the athletic 
association by faculty treasurer or alumni treasurer? 

What conditions exist at your college? Will you kindly 
give me the basal conditions? 

The answers were uniform, all basal conditions the same. 
In order to give a correct idea, I quote the answers received 
from four. 



14 BATES COLLEGE 

R. Tait McKenzie, M. D., University of Pennsylvania, 
President of the Society of College Gymnasium Directors, 
answered as follows : 

" I do not think the director should be held responsible 
or have anything to do with the success or failure of any 
inter-collegiate team. His official responsibility should end 
when the men are certified as being sound physically, and in 
fit condition to take part in athletics. He, after all, repre- 
sents in his person the responsibility taken by the college 
for students under their care, and the question of winning or 
losing has nothing to do with that except in so far as he will 
naturally be interested in their success, and from his position 
will have an opportunity of helping a good deal in their ef- 
forts. 

*'I do not see why a course in physiology or hygiene 
should not be a part of any college course, just as astr»)nomy 
or mathematics. 

"The construction and equipment of gymnasiums and 
other athletic buildings, I believe, should be under his direct 
charge. 

* The ventilation, water, light and food, I do not think 
should come under control of this department necessarily. It 
would seem more appropriate to have that in charge of a 
committee of Trustees, of which the Director should be a 
member. 

"Where possible I believe that coaches should be con- 
sidered as assistants, and under the director's control. That 
is a difficult matter, however, where the coach is engaged by 
private subscription, or gives a very limited amount of time 
for a short season. The health and condition of students 
taking part in athletics should, of course, be absolutely un- 
der the direction and control of the director, who, I believe, 
should have the power of removing a man from active train- 
ing where he is sure it is advisable. 

I think it is better to make the Athletic Association as 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 15 

nearly automatic as possible, with sufficient control to pre- 
vent the worst abuses." 

W. G. Anderson, M. D., Directoi of Yale University 
Gymnasium, answered as follows: 

"The director should be the executive head of the de- 
partment. He should not be held responsible for gains or 
losses of the teams. 

*'The director should teach physiology, hygiene, nutri- 
tion and dietetics. I imagine a one year's course in physi- 
ology would be sufficient. That at Yale covers forty hours, 
junior year. 

"The director should certainly have charge of the con- 
struction and equipment of the gymnasium. 

"The physical director should certainly supervise college 
health and hygiene. 

"If the different teams are self-sustaining they should 
have special coaches. It is desirable that these coaches be 
graduates of your college. Tennis might be excepted. 
This in addition to the required gymnastics. 

"The coach should be an assistant if he is not well 
educated; if a college graduate, he should be an associate. 
It is dangerous to place him under a physical director. I 
say this in case there are two distinct departments of athletics 
and gymnastics. 

"I prefer an alumni treasurer. The college should not 
have full control of the finances or of the athletic business. 
There should be co-operation between the college and the 
students. 

"At Yale there are two separate departments. I have 
absolute charge of the gymnasium and its work. The 
athletic department is controlled by the Athletic Union. I 
am an advisor and an associate by courtesy. I believe in 
student supervision of the work in combination with faculty 
and graduates." 

F. N. Whittier, M. D., director at Bowdoin College, 
answered as follows: 



16 BATES COLLEGE 

"I think that the head of this department should be the 
executive officer to exercise whatever control of athletics is 
assumed by the college. Here at Bowdoin we have always 
taken the ground that athletics were student activities not 
to be interfered with by the college except as the larger 
interests of the college might demand oversight and re- 
striction. For instance, all athletic schedules of games must 
be passed upon by the committee on athletics, of which I am 
chairman. Again, in case a student through ill health is 
not in condition to take part in athletics, I have authority 
to prevent his playing or practicing. 

*'I believe that the head of this department should teach 
the required Hygiene and Physiology. I teach a short 
course in Hygiene here. 

"I think that the head of this department should have 
charge of the construction and equipment of the gymnasium 
and athletic building. Sargent Gymnasium was finished 
and partly equipped when I was appointed gymnasium 
director at Bowdoin. Since my appointment I have had 
charge of all building and equipment for gymnastics or 
athletics. 

"I think that under most conditions the head of this 
department should have general oversight of the hygienic 
condition of the college. This would include ventilation of 
college buildings, heating and lighting. Here at Bowdoin 
these matters are under a committee of the Boards, the 
building and grounds committee. As a matter of fact, how- 
ever, I do much of the work referred to above, working 
with this committee. 

"I think that the head of this department should have 
charge of the athletic field and track, if they are owned by 
the college. The college owns our track and field and I 
have charge of both." 

Wm. W. Hastings, M. D., at present of Y. M. 0. A. 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 17 

Training School, of Springfield, Mass., formerly of Univer- 
sity of Nebraska, answered as follows: 

"The director should be the executive head of the de- 
partment, and the coaches of various events held responsible 
for their work. 

"I approve the teaching of physiology and hygiene, or 
at least hygiene, by the director. I think that the course in 
hygiene should be required of all students, and that it should 
contain preferably about thirty lectures. As to the physio- 
logy, I think that depends more upon the character of the 
institution. Ninety hours is not too much for a good course 
in physiology." 

In answer to the question, "Should the Director have 
charge of the construction and equipment of gymnasiums and 
other athletic buildings?" Dr. Hastings says, "Most 
assuredly. " 

"The general health of the college student should be 
under the general supervision of the Physical Department, 
and assistants who have charge of the matters as affecting 
health should be held responsible in some way to the physical 
director, either officially or unofficially. 

"I think that in the spring at least two coaches are 
necessary, one for baseball, another for track and field 
sports. rhe football coach might be one of these two men. 
It would seem to me advisable that the gymnasium director 
be left free to supervise and to see that every student had 
some form of sport in which he was enthusiastically engaged. 

"Coaches should be considered as assistants and under 
the director's control in an institution organized in the most 
successful way. This, however, I should not think prac- 
ticable in the East. New methods are more acceptable and 
can be more easily developed in the West. 

"The director should have control of the janitors or 
other help who take care of the repairing of all athletic 
fields. 



18 BATES COLLEGE 

•' We used the method of control of the finances of the 
Athletic Association through the assistant treasurer of the 
University with great advantage. All funds over |5 in 
amount were available only through an order drawn on this 
treasurer by order of the sub-committee in charge of the par- 
ticular sport for which the money was desired. 

" In the University of Nebraska, where I remained for 
four years, I was secretary of the athletic board, and the 
athletic board consisted of five student members and five 
faculty members. The physical director and commandant of 
the University were members of the board by virtue of their 
office. The other three faculty members were elected by 
the student members. The five student members were elected 
by Australian ballot, each year in May, by such of the stu- 
dent body as paid regular membership fee of the Athletic 
Association. The athletic board had charge over all the ath- 
letic interests of the University. By the ruling of the ath- 
letic board all candidates for the track team were required to 
pass a physical examination satisfactory to the physical di- 
rector and to have taken regular training for at least one 
semester previous to competition on university track team, 
or in the annual class field day exercises. The candidates 
for all teams were required to pass a physical examination 
satisfactory to the physical director. Regular systematic 
training for any sport was credited as so much preliminary 
training for competition in field day exercises. The regular 
orders of this training were kept by the managers of the 
various sports. While the sentiment of the University had 
not yet become strong enough to warrant the passing of a 
regulation requiring the same rigid training preliminary to 
football and baseball seasons as was required preliminary to 
competition in track and field events, nevertheless we were 
w^orking toward that end, and by the end of the third year 
I had practically all of the leading athletic men, baseball and 
football, in the University training solidly through the year, 



19 

more than 100 in all. This by their own election. 

"It is possible, in my opinion, in the West, for any man 
who sets his stakes high enough and works consistently 
toward the ends outlined in my answers to bring about a 
measure of this ideal method of organization of the college 
physical department. The most essential thing is a coherent 
plan and persistence. It takes this to overcome college 
prejudices. 

"We were enabled not only thoroughly to cleanse the ath- 
letics of the University of Nebraska, an institution of about 
2000 students, but to organize in the second year of my stay 
there, a State Inter-collegiate Athletic Association and a 
State Inter-scholastic Athletic Association and to aid materi- 
ally in the cleansing of athletics in the State of Nebraska." 

For some time past certain persons have criticised the 
methods employed in this Department. There are two 
standard theories in regard to the arrangement of vvork in a 
gymnasium. One of these applies to the Universities, the 
other to the small colleges. (1) In many Universities and 
the largest of the colleges, where there is no required work 
in physical training, where there are different men in the 
same class on each day, the method employed is as follows: 
Every day a new kind of work is taken up, different j)ieces 
of apparatus are used so that a student receives work on the 
different appliances or goes through the same drill only once 
in five or six days. This is the University idea and necessi- 
tates a large and varied equipment. The object of this kind 
of work is hygienic, less attention being paid to educational 
and corrective gymnastics. The students learn no definite 
drills or series of movements but simply take exercise. 

(2). The small college j)lan is as follows: Each class nas 
a certain series of exercises, drills and apparatus work, 
graded in such a way that every student in the squad or 
class learns the series of movements given in each drill and 
on each piece of apparatus. The work is progressive from 
year to year. With this class of work each student, if he 



20 ' BATES COLLEGE 

attends regularly, learns certain definite exercises arranged 
in accordance with the laws of physiology and hygiene. 

At the College Gymnasium Directors' Meeting held in 
New York (^ity last December these two methods were under 
discussion for a long time; the University Directors advo- 
cating the first plan and the College Directors the second 
plan. Each has its advocates. 

In a College where each class meet separately, the best 
method is the second plan, because with this method each 
student learns a definite series of exercises that will be use- 
ful in after years. This is the system I have been using at 
Bates for the last ten years. 

The results accomplished by those who have taken the 
work regularly have been very satisfactory. Every year 
several students have accepted positions in preparatory 
schools where they were required to teach gymnastics or 
coach athletic teams. All students, who have received a 
first-class recommendation from me and been elected, have 
carried on the work to the satisfaction of the schools where 
they have been employed, and they have been elected to 
their positions for a second year. 

METHOD OF CONDUCTING WORK AT WOMEN'S 
GYMNASIUM. 

The employment of a suitable woman as Director in the 
new gymnasium would cost from three to five hundred 
dollars and home, making the total cost from four to six 
hundred dollars a year. 

Instead of this plan I make the following suggestion: 
Employ Dr. Alice Weld Tallaut to make the physical exam- 
inations and mark out special work as formerly; cost about 
1135. Select three or four girls from the three lower classes 
to form a normal class to act as student instructors. Let 
the Director of Physical Training instruct them two hours 



21 

per week in theory and practice of physical education, start- 
ing at the begining of the fall term. By the time indoor 
work begins they could be well started for conducting 
classes. This would be most excellent training for any kind 
of teaching after graduation, and would cost less than em- 
ploying a permanent woman director. With this arrange- 
ment, the gymnasium would be in charge of a student in- 
structor all the afternoon. 

GYMNASIUM ATTENDANCE. 

What principle is to govern attendance at recitations? 
I believe the requirements for attendance on all recitations 
at Bates should be very strict. Many students are away for 
long periods each year; therefore, while at the college they 
should attend every day. This should include gymnasium 
work. 

Gymnasium exercise is for a hygienic purpose, and in 
order to accomplish its object should be done with regularity. 
A student should not be excused to make up work at some 
later date. Strict attendance should be required and enforced. 
If a student persists in cutting, after being warned by the 
Director or class officer, he should be put on probation at 
once; if he still cuts, suspended or dropped. Strict en- 
forcement of this rule will accomplish the desired result. 

In the history of this department, I have given you my 
experience in making a decided stand and trying to have the 
unanimous vote of the faculty enforced. 

Why do not the students attend their gymnasium work 
after being notified by the class officer? Because the policy 
or plan of discipline is not positive. 

A majority vote of the faculty should be unchangeable, 
except on the very best of reasons for a reconsideration. 
All the leading educators are of the opinion that a student 
will do more and better work by taking three or four hours 



22 BATES COLLEGE 

of exercise per week on as many different days. The Bates 
Faculty seem to believe this to be true, but are disinclined 
forcibly to support this idea. Many Bates students are out 
teaching or working; coming back late, they cut gymnasium 
to make up their other work. This should not be permitted; 
it is at just this time the student needs his exercise. 

How many times should the Director hand in a list of 
students who have '-cut" gymnasium work before the Faculty 
should take definite decided action. Once should settle the 
matter for any particular student. I have handed in such a 
list many times without accomplishing the desired result; 
the class officer would be asked to speak to the student and 
the matter would drop. 

I believe that when certain requirements are advertised 
in the catalogue and the Faculty's attention is called to the 
fact that they are not being complied with, decided action 
should be taken without delay. 

After a student has from three to five cuts unexcused, he 
should be summoned before the attendance committee or 
registrar and required to give a satisfactory explanation or be 
disciplined at once. 

CONSTRUCTION OF WOMEN'S GYMNASIUM. 

Alumni of Bates, I wish to present to you a few incidents 
concerning the methods of construction of the new women's 
gymnasium at Bates College. 

For ten years I have been trying to develop a department 
of Physical Training and Hygiene at Bates that should stand 
as the equal of any similar department of any small college 
in New England. Last June the officers of Bates College 
decided to construct a building for women, containing a 
gymnasium. I knew the construction of such a building had 
been recommended by President Chase in his report for the 
year 1900-1901. It is customary in colleges about to con- 



23 

true! a gymnasium to ask the advice of the Director of 
Physical Training concerning its arrangement and equipment. 
I know, personally, the Directors of some eight or ten 
colleges where the Director was asked to present plans for 
the construction and equipment of the gymnasiums to be 
built, and his plans were followed in every detail. Did the 
officers of Bates do that? On the contrary, the first news the 
Director had of the construction of such a building had 
begun came from an article published in the Lewiston 
Journal giving plans of the building including gymnasium 
plans. The paper containing these plans was sent me from 
home last July while I was at the Harvard Summer School 
of Physical Training. 

At first I decided to send my resignation to President 
Chase at once, but my interests in the Department of 
Physical Training at Bates made me decide to see first that 
the women's gymnasium was constructed in accordance with 
the best modern ideas as to ventilation, baths, apparatus, 
etc. I wrote President Chase the following letter: 

Cambridge, Mass., July 26, 1904. 
My dear President Chase: — 

I read in the Lewiston Journal that the construc- 
tion of a dormitory and gymnasium for the young women 
has been started at Bates. I am very anxious that the gym- 
nasium be constructed and arranged in the best possible way 
for conducting the gymnasium work. I am attending the 
Harvard Summer School as instructor and student. 1 am 
taking a course on construction and equipment of gymna- 
siums given by Dr. J. W. McC^urdy of the Springfield 
Training School. If you think it best I should like to have 
you send me plans of the gymnasium and bath rooms and I 
will ask Dr. McCurdy and Dr. Sargent to look over the 
plans with me and offer suggestions as to arrangement and 
equipment. I think their advice would be very valuable 
and save the College money both in equipment and cost of 
running the gymnasium after it is completed. Dr. McCurdy 
has made a study for many years of construction; most of 



^4 BATES COLLEGE 

the Y. M. C. A. gymnasium plans from all parts of the 
country are submitted to him for approval before the contract 
for construction is made. If you will state the amount of 
money you are going to expend for equipment I will consult 
Dr. McOurdy about the best list of apparatus to purchase. I 
can get advice for the College free that would cost consider- 
able il the committee on construction were to ask the advice 
of these men. If the College will pay my expenses from 
here to Providence and back to Boston I will visit the Narra- 
gansett Machine Company, look over apparatus and get the 
best bid on such equipment as you may desire. I will make 
you a full report, stating reasons for each recommendation 
made; then you can, of course, choose what seems best. I 
am not writing this letter because of any personal desire to 
interfere with any plans, but as an alumnus I am anxious for 
the College to have the best possible gymnasium for the 
money to be expended. 

Yours sincerely, 

W. W. Bolster, Jr. 



PRESIDENT CHASE'S REPLY. 

Bates College 
president's office 

Lewiston, Maine, July 29, 1904. 
Mr. William W. Bolster, 

10 Kirkland St., Cambridge, Mass. 

My dear Mr. Bolster: 

Our Gymnasium for the young women will be forty 
by sixty and twenty feet in height. I will endeavor to send 
you such plans as have been made. The question has been 
raised whether the Swedish system of gymnastics might not 
be better suited to our young women than a system requiring 
more machinery and more forceful exercise. What do you 
think about this? As to the amount of money to be used in 
purchasing an equipment I would say that we must restrict 
ourselves at present to securing just enough apparatus to 
meet actual needs to insure symmetrical development, whole- 



S5 

some and if possible agreeable exercise. Kindly ad^'ice 
about this. When you are ready to make a decision respect- 
ing our needs I am sure we shall be glad to have you go to 
Providence and make terms for us. Kindly write me what 
amount you think of money will enable us to do satisfactory 
work. We will gladly pay any expenses that you may have 
to incur in helping us to solve our problems and to meet our 
needs. I appreciate your kind letter and thank you heartily 
for it. 

Sincerely yours, 

Geo. C. Chase. 

Previous to the receipt of President Chase's answer to 
my letter of July 26, 1904, no officer of Bates College or 
member of the construction committee had ever asked my 
advice in regard to a gymnasium plan for the building. 
The committee, as far as I can learn, did not even consult a 
firm of architects who had ever had charge of the construction 
of a gymnasium or any other expert in this line. 

The plans sent me by President Chase at my request, and 
after construction had begun, showed no Director's office, 
room for keeping records, anthropometrical apparatus, etc., 
no system whatever of ventilation for the bath rooms, very 
inadequate ventilation for the main gymnasium room, an 
unnecessary brick wall in the bath room, which occupied 
space that should have been given to lockers. The floor of 
the gymnasium is five and one-half feet below the surface of 
the ground. How was the carbon dioxide which is heavier 
than air to be removed? 

Shortly after receiving President Chase's answer to my 
letter, I received a letter from one member of the building 
committee, containing a rough pen drawing showing size of 
main floor and bath room. I quote from this letter: "It has 
been suggested to finish up the inside in face bricks. It 
would look nice that way, but I see it will not answer. 
There must be a chance to put apparatus. What I wish to 
ask is this, will it not be sufficient to finish half way up in 



^6 BATES COLLEGE 

wood, letting the rest be face brick? I would like to put a 
gallery across one end about ten feet wide, if it would not 
spoil the room for some games." 

In regard to apparatus, the architect ought to have known 
that gymnastic apparatus is planned to be fastened five feet 
six inches above the floor, and that the gallery should be at 
least ten feet above the floor; that it is customary to lay 
wooden bricks in the wall to hold a wall board to which the 
apparatus should be fastened. 

I at once wrote a long letter to the committee, calling 
their attention to the above facts and making recommenda- 
tions in regard to ventilation, asking them to have the 
ventilation at least comply with the Massachusetts State law 
requirements for school-house ventilation. I also made 
recommendations urging the importance of a Director's 
oftice (I have never visited a modern gymnasium without 
one), showed the need of some method for preventing sound 
transmission from the gymnasium, explaining the two 
methods most commonly used. 

If my advice had been asked before the construction was 
started, I would gladly have paid my own expenses to 
Lewiston in order to aid Bates Colleoje in securing^ the best 
possible gymnasium for the smallest amount of money con- 
sistent with first class modern ideas. 

The committee did not even ask me to come to Lewiston. 
What was the result? My written advice was not all follow- 
ed; construction was rushed as fast as possible; the brick 
wall in bath room was built; the chimney was constructed to 
a height of ten to fifteen feet; the plan suggested for a 
Director's office had not been followed, and there was no 
adequate ventilation. 

After explaining this to the committee and the mason, 
Mr. Emerson, in charge of the work, the wall in the bath 
room was taken down, one side of the chimney was taken 
down and the chimney enlarged to increase the ventilation, 



21 

and a door was cut through into the basement of the annex, 
thus giving a Director's office. 

Why I was not consulted, when the President and mem- 
bers of the building committee knew that 1 was a graduate 
of Dr. Sargent's School of Physical Training, and must have 
known that all such schools give excellent courses in con- 
struction and equipment, is more than I can explain. 

I have always advocated that when the college is to 
make a permanent improvement it should be first class in 
every way. I do not believe the policy of Bates should be 
to make any permanent improvement by halves, or put it- 
self in a position, at the end of a few years, to regret that 
when the thing was done it had not been done properly and 
well. 

Was not Prof. L. G. Jordan consulted when Hedge Lab- 
oratory was planned? Was not Prof. W. H. Hartshorn con- 
sulted when the Coram Library was planned? Will not 
Prof. A. L. Clark be consulted concerning plans for a new 
Science Building when they are made? If not, the policy 
of the college is not that of *'the square deal," and the col- 
lege is not run '*on sound business principles." 

This is the first instance that has ever come to my at- 
tention where a gymnasium has been planned without con- 
sultation with the Director of Physical Training. I have 
expended several hundred dollars visiting gymnasiums, col- 
lecting plans, etc. I have attended lecture courses on con- 
struction and equipment of gymnasiums by the best men in 
the world. The following are a few: D. A. Sargent, M. 
D., of Harvard University; J. W. McCurdy, M. D., of the 
Y. M. C. A. Training School, Springfield, Mass.; George L. 
Meylan, M. D., of Columbia University and Teachers Col- 
lege, New York City; Mr. W. L. Coop, of the Narragansett 
Machine Company, Providence, R. I. I have visited the 
best gymnasiums in nearly all parts of the United States, 
England and Europe, making a special study of their con- 



28 BATES COLLEGE 

struction and equipment, with the one idea of collecting the 
information that would enable me to plan the ideal small 
college gymnasium whenever Bates should have the neces- 
sary funds for such a building. 

Let the graduates and friends of Bates College ask the 
pertinent question, what fitness for the work of building a 
women's gymnasium had the men of the faculty to whom 
the work was assigned? 

When Bates builds a men's gymnasium I advise that the 
committee on construction visit Oberlin, Ohio, and Lawrence- 
ville, N. J., as these two cities contain the best arranged 
small college (500) gymnasiums in the United States at the 
present writing. 

I make the following offer to the officers and alumni of 
Bates College: when a men's gymnasium is to be planned, 
if you consider my advice worth the asking, if I am within 
one thousand miles of Lewiston, I will pay my own expenses 
to Lewiston and give the college the advantage of my ex- 
perience. 

I secured certain changes in the woman's gymnasium, and 
finally convinced the committee that my suggestions in re- 
gard to the gymnasium would give Bates one of the best ar- 
ranged and equipped women's gymnasiums in New England. 

Considering that the preparation and service of food 
should be partly under the supervision or inspection of the 
Department of Hygiene, I acted as follows: 

After the construction of the kitchen, serving room, 
sinks, dumb-waiter, etc., were well started, I found that the 
arrangement was faulty. I therefore went to Poland Springs 
and consulted Mr. A. B. Ricker as to the proper arrange- 
ment for serving rooms for a building similar to the one 
being constructed at Bates. Mr. A. B. Ricker kindly 
offered to visit the college and give his opinion as to the 
arrangement. He came to Lewiston, looked the building 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 29 

over, and made suggestions in regard to changeis necessary 
for proper service. 

I at once went to two members of the building committee, 
explained to them what Mr. Ricker stated in regard to the 
arrangement, and why certain changes were necessary. 

Mr. Ricker invited the committee to Poland Springs to 
see their arrangements, stating that after we visited the 
Poland serving rooms, etc., he would drive us to Hebron 
Academy and show the committee first class serving rooms 
for boarding about 150 students. The Hebron Academy 
kitchen and serving rooms were planned by Mr. A. B. 
Ricker. 

The committee did not accept his kind invitation, but 
asked him to visit the dormitory once more and make 
suggestions in regard to the arrangement of kitchen, serv- 
ing rooms, etc. 

He came to Lewiston, carefully explained why each change 
was needed, and the committee followed many of his sug- 
gestions, such as taking down a partition, taking out the 
dummy elevator, putting in fire-proof construction, placing 
the ice-chest near the kitchen on the same floor, building an 
addition for a shed, increasing the sink room, warming 
table, together with several minor changes. 

Mr. A. B. Ricker presented a first class sink to the college, 
sent plans for an ice-chest, and in many ways aided in in- 
creasing the efficiency of the serving department. Mr. A. 
B. Ricker told me that at any time he could help the college 
in arranging a building he would be very glad to do so. 

If the committee had consulted me in regard to gym- 
nasium construction when the plans were being made, I 
should have at once suggested they consult Mr. A. B. Ricker 
or H. W. Ricker in regard to the serving department. The 
new building might have had an ideal serving department at 
the same cost as the present arrangement. 



30 BATES COLLEGE 

GYMNASIUM. 

As seen from other parts of tbis report, a men's gym- 
nasium is one of the most urgent needs of Bates College. 
This is true from the hygienic standpoint, as well as from 
the standpoint of athletic success. It would be one of the 
best means for attracting men students to the college. 

Several lilting schools in the State of Maine are equipped 
with better gymnasiums and bath room accommodations 
than Bates. A student coming from a fitting school and 
finding a much poorer equipment in the gymnasium is not 
favorably impressed with the college. This lessens our 
chance of securing men students. 

The following repairs ought to be made the coming 
summer. All the suspended ropes ought to be renewed, as 
Mr. Wood, of the Narragansett Machine Company, con- 
demned them as unsafe. (Ten to twelve years is the safety 
limit for ropes. These have been in position fifteen). The 
bath and dressing rooms need extensive repairs. The stor- 
age capacity for hot water ought to be doubled and the 
water heating arrangements enlarged. A new floor ought 
to be laid in the gymnasium, on account of the excessive 
amount of dust and splinters arising from the present floor. 
The lighting ought to be changed from gas to electricity. 
The sash in eight or nine of the large windows ought to be 
renewed. 

These changes, with the usual repairs and renewals of 
apparatus, would greatly improve the conditions in this 
department. 

VENTILATION OF COLLEGE BUILDINGS. 

I wish to call your attention, to the ventilation, or rather 
lack of ventilation in some of the college buildings. There 
is not a properly ventilated recitation room in Hathorn Hall. 



REPORT. 31 

The conditions there, in my opinion, are largely responsible 
for the recent sickness of Professor Hartshorn and the large 
number of colds and catarrhal conditions noted among our 
students during the winter and early spring. 

Let us note the actual conditions as they exist. Observe 
the conditions on top floor of Hathorn Hall, the English, 
Greek and Mathematics rooms. These rooms all open into 
a small hall. 

Conditions in the English room are as follows, Size of 
the room 29 ft. by 24 ft. by 10 ft; contents 6960 cubic feet; 
a small ventilator, eight by twelve inches, in the ceiling; 
seats for sixty students; often full of students two or three 
hours in -succession. The number of cubic feet of space per 
student when there are sixty in the room, is 116. An open 
window causes a draft on some student; therefore, windows 
are seldom opened in cold weather. 

Let us observe how these conditions compare with the 
Massachusetts State Law for School-house Ventilation. 
This law requires 243 cu. ft. per pupil, with 30 cu. ft. of 
pure air every minute per pupil, or 1800 cu. ft. of pure air 
per hour per pupil. In order to prevent draft, this law re- 
quires the inlet to have a net area of four square feet. The 
inlet must be at least eight feet above the floor and the out- 
let on the floor or within one foot of it to remove the carbon 
dioxide, dust, etc., which are heavier than air. 

Let us summarize and compare. English room 116 cu, 
ft. per student; law requirement 243 cu. ft. per student. 
Ventilation eight by twelve inches; less than one-fourth the 
law requirement of four square feet net area. English room 
no outlet; law requires outlet size of inlet and located on 
floor. English room practically no air forced in or changed; 
law requires 1800 cu. ft. of pure air per hour, per pupil. 

The requirements stated are not all that are necessary 
for perfect ventilation. There should be a certain amount 



32 BATES COLLEGE 

of humidity. The relative humidity should be of at least 
50 per ceut. 

The ventilation of the other recitation rooms all through 
the building is equally bad: some rooms do not contain even 
an eight by twelve ventilator. 

If this building were in Massachusetts the State Inspec- 
tors of Public Buildings would close the building until the 
proper system of ventilation was introduced. 

Can any thinking person wonder that the Professor is 
sick or that many students are continually troubled with 
colds? I think the college could not spend money in any 
better way than to correct this faulty condition. 

The college buildings should be properly ventilated and 
part of the course in Hygiene and Sanitation should be a 
study (laboratory method) of the system. This is practical, 
every day education. 

There are many other conditions that the head of a De- 
partment of Physical Training and Hygiene would correct 
at once if given the power that belongs to his department, 
namely, to enforce conditions for the maintenance of the 
health of the student body through hygienic measures. 

If all these conditions can not be corrected at once, a 
definite plan ought to be started, a certain amount being 
done each year. 

COURSES IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

The work of this department has been conducted under 
very difficult conditions. A large number (65) elected the 
course in Physiology. The equipment for that course is very 
inadequate for such a large class. At present there is no 
regular room for recitations or laboratory work. I have had 
to keep changing from a recitation room to an improvised 
laboratory in order to conduct classes. There are only eight 
microscopes; thirty are urgently needed. 



REPORT. 33 

Last June the first appropriation ($50.) was made for this 
department by the Trustees. Previous to this only |90. had 
been expended for equipment and laboratory material com- 
bined. This sum was taken from the gymnasium appropria- 
tion by permission of the President. The microscopes are 
borrowed from the department of Biology. The slides for 
histology and material for demonstration were mostly given 
by alumni and friends of the college. This year the College 
Club voted $50. for the use of this department. This money 
was expended for cabinet and laboratory glassware, frog 
boards and stands, sectioned skull, human brain, ossicles of 
tbe ear, and models for demonstration in hygiene. 

The money voted by the Trustees was expended for 
laboratory material, dissecting knives, and apparatus for 
class-room demonstration. 

The laboratory equipment is not complete for a class of 
fifteen. A room for a laboratory ought to be assigned, 
tables made, apparatus, including twenty microscopes, pur- 
chased. Five or six hundred dollars is urgently needed to 
place the work not only of this department, but that of 
Biology, on a more effective basis, as both departments need 
the microscopes. 

I make the following recommendation: That the geology 
cabinets be moved up one flight, and that room be used as a 
laboratory and recitation room for Physiology and Hygiene. 

More effective work could be done in physiology if the 
course were given during the Junior or Senior years. At 
present considerable time has to be used for explanation of 
chemical and physical phenomena. 

The large entering class increased the schedule difii- 
culties so that, according to the committee, it was found im- 
possible to give the course in hygiene to those not taking 
physiology. If college graduates are to understand how to 
live correctly under modern conditions, a course in Hygiene 
ought to be required in every Qollege, Physiology and 



34 BATES COLLEGE 

Hygiene are practical subjects which each person must under- 
stand in order to attain his highest efficiency. No student 
should be graduated from college without some knowledge 
of Sanitation, Personal and Municipal Hygiene. 

In order to increase the efficiency of the Department of 
Physical Training and Hygiene, I published a Gymnasium 
Manual, containing information on personal hygiene and 
rational exercise. This Manual takes the place of Sargent's 
Hand-book of Developing Appliances formerly used, and 
makes a saving to the college of about thirty cents per stu- 
dent per year. This Manual was designed to meet the 
special needs of the Bates students. It is so arranged that 
after a conference with the Director, a course of systematic 
exercise similar to the regular gymnasium work can be taken 
by any student at home or when absent teaching. 

PHYSICAL STANDARD FOR WOMEN ENTERING 
COLLEGE. 

At present Bates is refusing admission to from one hun- 
dred to one hundred and fifty girls each year, selecting from 
the two hundred or more applications about fifty. These 
should he the best, mentally, morally and physically. The 
selection should be made intelligently. The college owes 
this to its benefactors. The funds should be employed to 
turn out the best possible product. Up to the present time 
no certificate of health or physical standard of efficiency has 
ever been required of any student entering Bates. With the 
large number of girls applying for admission we ought to be 
able to require high physical efficiency. 

We know from statistics gathered from the leading wo- 
men's colleges throughout the United States that the aver- 
age girl is five feet three and two-tenths inches tall and 
weighs one hundred and nineteen pounds. I quote the fol- 
lowing from Sargent's * 'Health, Strength and Power:" 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 35 

"The most capable women are those who range in weight 
from one and eight-tenths to two and three-tenths pounds to 
each inch in height. In order to determine this factor di- 
vide the weight in pounds by the height in inches. The 
insurance companies allow a variation of twenty per cent 
from a normal weight." 

There should be a requirement that any woman student 
entering Bates should approximate the average as deter- 
mined from the anthropometrical statistics of the leading 
colleges. Many cities in the United States at present are 
requiring a physical examination for all teachers entering 
the employ of the city. Any person applying for a position 
to teach has to meet a certain standard with a minimum 
height and weight, a maximum height and weight. A large 
per cent of Bates women graduates enter the teaching pro- 
fession for a life work. If Bates women are to hold the 
highest positions, they must be qualified for election to teach 
in any city in the United States. The requirements for ad- 
mission as regards physical development should meet the av- 
erage requirements of these cities. Every woman applicant 
should be required to send a statement as to her height, 
weight and general health, signed by a physician. 

The application blank sent to women students should 
have attached to it a health certificate to be filled out. This 
certificate should contain the statement that if the physical 
examination, which is given to all members of the Freshman 
class, discovers any defects or weaknesses not stated in the 
health certificate, the student may be dismissed from college. 

No girl ought to be admitted to any class in Bates college 
who will be unable to take the regular physical exercise re- 
quired as a part of her college work. 

With the recent addition of a woman's gymnasium, bas- 
ket ball and tennis courts, every girl should be required to 
take a definite aniount of exercise each week, 



36 BATES COLLEGE 

TRACK ATHLETICS. 

Let us note carefully the conditions in the Maine colleges, 
and try to ascertain from the facts why Bates has failed to 
win the inter-collegiate meet. Many seem to think that the 
fault has been with the coaching. If so, the Director of 
Physical Training is responsible for the failure to win. 
With the assistance of Mr. Garcelon for a day or so each 
year, I have coached the team until this spring, when a coach 
was engaged. 

Shall we note the equipment of the two winning colleges? 

University of Maine. (1) An athletic field on about the 
same plan as Garcelon field. A large brick gymnasium 
(floor space 6550 sq. ft.), heated, lighted and ventilated, 
containing four hundred lockers, large shower baths, with 
ample dressing-rooms for all the students. 

(2) One of the best indoor running tracks to be found 
in New England is located in the gymnasium, (21 laps to 
the mile). 

(3) The U. of M. catalogue for 1904-1905, gives the 
number of men students eligible for a track team as 500. 
Bowdoin CoUeg'e. (1) An athletic field arranged on the 
same plan as Garcelon field, containing the best grand-stand 
in the world, erected at a cost of $32,000, steam heated, 
electric lighted, containing steel lockers, rubbing, baths and 
toilet rooms adequate tor all the athletic teams of the 
college. 

(2) The Sargent gymnasium, containing a good running 
track, bath, locker and toilet rooms. Near the gymnasium 
is located each winter an outdoor ruaning track built of 
boards. 

(3) The Bowdoin catalogue for 1904-1905 gives the 
number of men students in the academical department as 
280; medical department 90. All the medical students are 
eligible to compete, except those who have engaged in inter- 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 3*7 

collegiate athletics for four years. The nuniber would not 
exceed 25 or 30. This makes the total number of men who 
are eligible for the track team as 340. 

Bates College. (1) Garcelon field. 

(2) A wooden gymnasium, (floor space 39 x 63 ft., 2457 
sq. ft.), with a gallery at one end 16 ft. wide, (floor space 
624 sq. ft.) Building in such condition that it cannot be 
heated during windy winter weather. The floor is very un- 
even, full of cracks and splintered boards, therefore very 
unhygienic on account of the large amount of dust constantly 
in the air. No indoor track. A few lockers, very small bath 
and locker rooms, which with the present supply of hot 
water will not accommodate over one-half of our men 
students. 

(3) The Bates catalogue for 1904-1905 gives the total 
number of men students as 198 from which to choose a track 
team. 

Let us note the number of inter-collegiate meets to which 
each college sends a team annually, the amount expended by 
each college for coaching, care of track, field, etc. 

U. of M. and Bowdoin send teams to the Maine inter- 
collegiate meet held at one of the Maine colleges, the New 
England inter-collegiate meet held at Worcester. Mass., 
Boston Athletic Association invitation meet held in Boston 
each winter. And when these colleges have had phenomenal 
men, they have sent a team to the Mott Haven games in New 
York City. University of Maine equips its team, employs a 
track coach each year at an expense of between four and 
five hundred dollars, and employe a man who gives most of 
his time to the care of the track and field for eight to twelve 
weeks each year. 

During the past four years Bowdoin has employed one of 
the best track and field coaches in the United States, J. G. 
Lothrop, now coach at Harvard, six weeks in the fall or 



38 BATES COLLEGE 

winter, and four weeks in the spring, at an expense of about 
four hundred dollars. 

I quote from Dr. Whittier's letter: "The cost of caring 
for the grand-stand and athletic field has been about $1000 
for the past year. Of this sum $600 was given by the vote 
of the Boards, the remaining $400 was collected for admis- 
sions to grand-stand at games." 

Bates has sent a track team to one meet annually, the 
Maine Inter-collegiate meet. Until 1902 I never received 
over $60 for the use of track team. In 1902 the College 
Club gave $145, and the Association about $75. In 1903, 
$53.60; 1904, $100. In 1905, from Association, $237.00, and 
from College Club about $50.00. 

From these sums the following expenses had to be met: 
The Maine Inter-collegiate Association dues ($15), equipping 
of the team caring for the track, paying the car fares and 
hotel bills of our team attending the meet. Each year the 
janitors have done a few days' work on the track, mostly 
hoeing weeds, and one or two days' work leveling the track 
and putting on cinders. In the spring of 1902 the College 
Club paid for putting the track in condition for the Inter- 
collegiate meet held in Lewiston that year. 

Let us consider the student conditions existing at the three 
colleges. Many Bowdoin students come from the larger 
fitting schools, where a track team is a regular department of 
athletics, and the students receive training under as able 
coaches as most small colleges employ. Most Bowdoin 
students board at fraternity houses, where the board costs 
from $3.00 to $4.00 per week. Fewer Bowdoin students 
go out teaching or work their way through college. 

At the U. of M. "Commons," where the non-fraternity 
students board, the price is $3.00 per week; board in the 
fraternity houses a little higher. Few students go out 
teaching or to work during term time. 

At Bates over 90% come from the smaller fitting schools 



REPORT. 39 

or schools that do not conduct track athletics as a regular 
department, with a coach. On an average it takes about 
three years for an athlete to reach his highest development. 
On an average about 50% of the men are absent teaching or 
working from four to ten weeks each year. The larger part 
of these are absent during the winter term. Many students 
work their board or work in stores, so that they cannot take 
regular training in athletics. From 45 to 70 of the men 
board at a club, under the management of the college, where 
the board does not exceed |2.00 per week. The remainder 
board in clubs at an expense of $2.60 to |2.'75 per week. 
The colleges that maintain a first class training table for 
their athletic teams, conducted on scientific principles as to 
diet, preparation and service of food, do so at an expense of 
from $6.00 to $10.00 per week per man. Here obviously 
Bates is at a very great disadvantage. 

At U. of M. and Bowdoin track athletics are on a par 
financially with foot-ball and base-ball. The men are sent on 
several trips each year, as in foot-ball and base-ball, with the 
result that a track man stands on a par among the student 
body with members of the foot-ball and base-ball teams. 
College spirit makes him train just as regularly and faith- 
fully as a foot-ball or base-ball man. 

At Bates the track team has till this year used what 
money was left, or could be expended after base-ball and 
foot-ball received all they needed, no definite proportion as 
compared with foot-ball and base-ball. The amount to be 
expended for the track team should be decided at the begin- 
ing of the fall term, so definite plans can be made. This 
has never been done, the appropriations being made only 
four or five weeks before the meet. The result of this 
financial condition has been that the student body have looked 
down on track athletics. If a man could not make the base 
ball or foot-ball team, he might try for the track team. 
College spirit would not even denounce a track man if he 



40 BATES COLLEGE 

broke training to attend a dance or a rarebit party only a day 
or so before the inter-collegiate meet. I have known a 
track man of first class ability to attend a rarebit party and 
eat a rarebit at 11 o'clock at night, only 48 hours before a 
meet, and this at a party consisting almost wholly of Bates 
students. Many first class men now in college would train 
for track if the student sentiment demanded it. 

In my opinion, the trouble has not been wholly with the 
coaching, but to get men out to coach who would attend 
regularly to training, pay attention to their diet, omit house 
parties, dances, tennis with the young ladies, etc.; in short, 
men who would train every day. 

To illustrate, when I attended to the coaching alone, the 
students said "the other colleges have a special track coach; 
if we had one, there would be no trouble in getting men to 
train." What has been the result this year for the three 
weeks Coach Rowe was here? After we decided to employ 
a coach, a mass meeting of the students was held. All 
students who would agree to train every day for four weeks 
were asked to rise. A large number rose. These students 
were asked to meet that afternoon, when a paper was given 
each student to sign. Sixty-seven signed an agreement that 
they would train every day till the meet. Result: inside of 
three weeks about one-half (32) had quit. Had it not been 
for the earnest work of Capt. Allen, who called on each man 
whenever he failed to attend his practice for one day and 
asked the reason, many more w^ould have quit. To my 
knowledge, no student found fault with the coach's w^ork; 
he seemed very popular with the boys. Personally I con- 
sider Mr. Rowe a first class coach and should like to see him 
engaged next year. The Association furnished between 
thirty and forty pair of shoes, pants, etc. Why did the men 
quit? Student sentiment does not demand a track team. 
Bates this year, in the Maine meet, secured 4 points out 
of a possible 126. 



41 

If track athletics could have equal financial backing with 
the other sports, conditions would improve. If we are to 
have inter-collegiate sports let us give each the same financial 
support, proportioned according to the number of men engaged. 

The aim and purpose of athletics is to give organic 
strength, body development (control), combined with moral 
control. The whole object and aim of athletics should not 
be to *'win at any cost." 

If a college wishes to hire expensive coaches in foot-ball 
or any athletic sport, on the ground that a winning team is 
a good advertisement and brings students and fame to the 
college, that college should charge the extra expense to 
advertising, and not throw discredit on the Department of 
Physical Training. 

When a college student trains two to three hours per 
day for foot-ball or any athletic sport, he has satisfied the 
demand for exercise and rational physical training; any time 
expended beyond that should be charged to advertising. 
If the standard of scholarship is to be maintained as it 
should, two or three hours is all the average student can 
afford to give to athletics. Is the college justified that 
demands or allows a greater expenditure of time for athletics? 

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. 

All three colleges possess similar athletic fields. U. of 
M. has a first class gymnasium, over three times the size of 
the Bates gymnasium, with the best indoor track in New 
England, twenty-one laps to the mile. 

Bowdoin possesses the best grand-stand in the world, 
fully equipped with everything dear or attractive to the 
young athlete; the Sargent gymnasium, containing running 
track and first class shower baths, locker and dressing-rooms; 
in addition, an outdoor winter running track. 

The Bates gymnasium contains no track, the floor space 



42 BATES COLLEGE 

is small, not half dressing-room or bath accommodations to 
meet the needs of the students. 

U. of M., 500 eligible students; Bowdoin, 340 eligible 
students; Bates, 198 eligible students. The students at U. 
of M. and Bowdoin are not required to be absent teaching 
or working four to ten weeks each year during term time; 
their boarding-houses come nearer the ideal training table 
requirements. Track and field athletics are on the same 
basis financially as the other sports. Student sentiment 
demands a track team and requires men to train. 

U. of M. and Bowdoin expend in care of the field, 
coaches, railroad fares, hotel bills, dues of the different 
associations, equipment, etc., about ten dollars per man 
where Bates spends one. 

Bates sends a team to one meet annually. U. of M. and 
Bowdoin send teams to three or four meets each year. 

These are some of the reasons why Bates has not won 
the meet. 

The U. of M. gymnasium was completed 1901. The 
next spring they won the inter-collegiate meet, and have 
since maintained a very close second each year. This year 
Bowdoin won by four points. 

As a general thing the college which has the largest 
number of men to select from, and will devote the largest 
amount of time and money to athletic training will win the 
greatest number of athletic victories. 

These facts show every thinking person that if Bates is 
to compete with the other Maine colleges successfully or 
under equal conditions, a modern gymnasium is absolutely 
essential. 

HONOR IN ATHLETICS. 

What is the function of inter-collegiate athletics? On 
what principle shall a college conduct its inter collegiate 



43 

sports? These questions have to be answered by the faculty 
or officers of every college. The three functions that have 
always appealed to me as the true aim of athletics are 
physical development, mental and physical co-ordination, 
combined with moral development. The officers or faculty 
of each college must decide whether the three aims are to be 
considered equally worthy or which one shall be set up as 
the ideal aim. This having been decided the next question 
is what shall the motto of the college be, "win at any cost", 
i. e. commercialism, or "Clean Athletics", i. e. athletics 
with a standard for scholarship and freedom from commer- 
cialism? 

Personally I have always stood and shall always stand 
for the latter — "Clean Athletics". I have always been told 
that the chief aim of Bates College is moral development 
combined with mental development, but good morals first. 
Students are advanced from class to class and graduated, 
because they are '•^good boys". As an alumnus I do not 
believe in graduating men simply because they are "good 
boys" or "good athletes". 

An incident happened last month in connection with the 
Maine Inter-Collegiate meet that is contrary to the funda- 
mental aims of this institution. Moreover, it is not the 
"square deal" in Athletics. A man wore a Bates running 
suit under these conditions: The constitution and by-laws of 
the Maine Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association contains the 
following Article XI, Section 2. — "No person shall represent 
any college or university as a competitor at any Maine Inter- 
Collegiate Athletic Association meeting who is not a member 
of that college or university in good and regular standing? 
includes special students". 

A printed entry form or blank is sent to each college by 
the Secretary of the Association, which contains this printed 
statement: "The above men are eligible to compete under the 
rules of the Maine Inter-collegiate Athletic Association." 



44 BATES COLLEGE 

Note the above rule, Article XI, Section 2. After the names 
are written on the blank by the manager of the track team, the 
regulations require the blank to be signed by the Secretary 
of the faculty of the College forwarding the blank. 

This year the Bates entry blank contained the name of a 
special student who had been attending College two terms 
and a half, had never passed an examination, or made half a 
dozen decent recitations during the thirty weeks he had been 
attending the College. 

These facts were all brought out repeatedly in faculty 
meetings. I asked the Faculty, in an open meeting at 
which nearly all were present, if the list containing this 
name was to be signed, stating the conditions required by 
the Association. I was asked to sign the blank with this 
name on it and refused. Another member of the Athletic 
Committee was asked to sign, and refused. The other 
member of the Athletic Committee, a member of the Faculty, 
signed the list, and, in spite of my protests, the ' 'student" 
competed at Orono. 

At the time of the competition this man was in reality on 
probation, having been given four weeks in which to show 
some interest in his work or be dropped. The Friday fol- 
lowing the meet this man was dropped on account of his 
scholarship, and it was voted that he should not be allowed 
to enter Bates College again the next fall, his work having 
been so unsatisfactory. 

If a vote of the Faculty had been taken to decide the 
eligibility of this man he never would have worn the Bates 
colors at Orono on May thirteenth, as I believe a large 
majority of the Faculty believe in clean athletics with a 
standard of scholarship. At all the meetings I have attend- 
ed my position has been for a high standard of honor in all 
inter-collegiate athletic relations. 

At any other college I believe the Director's position 
would have been sustained and the man would not have com- 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. "45 

peted by permission of any member of the Faculty. I 
should like to see Bates decide for clean athletics and stand 
by her decision. Shall we hold the position '-Ho win at any 
cosf, commercialism, or come out fair and square for Clean 
Athletics, free from commercialism with a standard of 
scholarship? I believe any college adopting the latter course 
will succeed better in the long run. 

The President in his report for last year states, "Bates 
honors Clean Athletics as a valuable factor in mental and 
moral discipline. She has no use for mere Athletes". 

Is this true? Has Bates descended to commercialism? 
Has her standard of scholarship dropped so low that a man 
is in good standing when for about thirty weeks he has not 
made half a dozen fair recitations or passed a written exam- 
ination? Is he a "mere athlete"? Why should a man of this 
standing be allowed to compete contrary to the ideas of your 
Director of Physical Training? Lack of proper support is 
the only answer. 

FACULTY MEETINGS. 

There is a condition existing that causes much confusion 
and is a great annoyance to several members of the Faculty. 
I refer to the method of conducting faculty meetings. Three 
members of the Faculty were walking across the campus 
after a faculty meeting, recently, when one made the state- 
ment that at least twenty-five hours had been wasted during the 
meeting just closed. This was estimated by taking the total 
amount of time spent at the meeting and substracting the 
time in which all the business might have been done care- 
fully and thoroughly. This was not an unusual meeting, as 
to its length or amount of business done, but about the 
average. It will be seen that much valuable time is need- 
lessly lost during the course of a year that might be spent in 
advancing the work of the college. 



46 BATES COLLEGE 

A Professor at Bates, where the proportion of students 
to teachers is so large and the amount of work expected is so 
much, could with advantage to himself and the College ex- 
pend this time in some form of exercise or other enjoy- 
ment. 

During the past ten years I have never seen the result of 
any vote passed at any faculty meeting recorded by the Sec- 
retary. For a time Mr. W. T. Foster, now of Bowdoin 
College, kept a record of the faculty meetings. Since then 
to my best knowledge and belief no written records have 
been kept showing the votes passed at each meeting, at least 
none have been made in the meeting. I have not attended 
all the meetings during the past ten years, but have attended 
some very important meetings and I have never heard read 
the records of any previous meeting except when Mr. Foster 
attended to the records. 

You ask why does this condition of things exist? Sim- 
ply because it has never been the custom to record the doings 
of the faculty at the meetings. This method of conducting 
executive work might do for an academy of fifty students 
fifty years ago, but it is out of date for a modern college of 
350 students. Why is this slip-shod lack of method tolerated? 
It is more convenient not to have votes recorded in black 
and white, as all might know just the action taken and some 
man with a back bone might insist that a certain vote be 
enforced. 

Many times all do not agree on just how a certain vote 
passed was recorded. If the vote as passed does not suit the 
students, a committee of students call on the faculty and the 
vote is often changed to coincide with the student idea. Many 
hours would be saved both to students and members of the 
Faculty if it was understood that a vote, once taken and 
passed by a large majority, was final. 

A good example of this came up during the past year, — 
a case of discipline where two students were expelled and 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 47 

two others were placed on probation. If I remember cor- 
rectly it was a unanimous vote to expel two students and 
lacked one vote of being unanimous in favor of placing two 
others on probation. The evidence was conclusive and the 
vote was taken after very careful investigation and delibera- 
tion. All but one thought the minimum penalty had been 
given, consistent with the offence. The result was an- 
nounced to the class. The class at once sent a committee to 
several members of the Faculty giving certain visionary 
reasons why the penalty should not be enforced. Result, 
at the next Faculty meeting this matter was brought up 
about six o'clock. Absolutely not one iota of new evidence 
was presented in favor of remitting the penalty. 

About seven o'clock, after all were tired and sick of the 
whole matter, one member — not agreeing with the idea — 
moved the penalty be remitted, stating we should never get 
anything to eat until the penalty was removed. Two or 
three hands went up in favor of the motion, the motion was 
declared carried, the penalty removed and the meeting ad- 
journed with all the young men of the Faculty thoroughly 
disgusted. 

It is just this method of inconsistency and lack of back- 
bone that makes it possible for students to remain in College 
and cut gymnasium work. If every student believed that 
what the catalogue and gymnasium manual states would be 
enforced to the letter, no student would absent himself from 
gymnasium work after registration. 

Here, if a student cuts gymnasium, the Director and 
class officer are supposed to look him up and notify him to 
attend to his work. At other colleges the students notify 
the Director and get permission, if possible, to be absent. 

The President has seen fit to excuse three students from 
physical examination during the past ten years. This is not 
done in any other college I have yet found. One of these 
students went to Bowdoin his Sophomore year. I wrote Dr. 



48 BATES COLLEGE 

Whittier, the Director of Physical Training at Bowdoin, that 
the student had been excused from his examination at Bates 
and I asiied that he be examined. Inside of two or three weeks 
the boy was given the regular freshman physical examination. 
He made the same protest as at Bates but was told that it 
was one of the requirements and he would have to be 
examined. 

How was Mr. Foster treated after he urged that the 
records be kept in accordance with the requirements of the 
College by-laws, and after the faculty voted unanimously to 
have the records kept? Just as he was treated when he 
advocated registering the college publications, employing a 
card catalogue system for the registrar, and other modern 
business methods. When the Secretary was temporarily 
acting as President, he refused to hear the records of the 
previous meetings. When he acted as Secretary he neglected 
to keep these records. 

How were the lists of students cutting gymnasium treated 
when presented to the Faculty for action by the Director of 
Physical Training? To all intents and purposes ignored. 
This is a favorite method of killing any new ideas, unless 
they come from certain sources. Example: Mr. William T. 
Foster, knowing that the college sorely needed money, as all 
colleges always do, presented a plan by which, on figures 
secured from President Chase, he proved that the college 
could save $200. a year by registering their publications as 
second class matter. The idea was a new one to them and 
was brought forward by the youngest man on the Faculty; it 
was therefore doubly condemned. The next year Mr. Foster 
presented the plan again with convincing proof; again it was 
condemned apparently for the same reason. Then Mr. 
Foster left Bates, and the next year this same plan was 
presented and adopted. 

Never having seen or heard of any Faculty records, ex- 
cept the registrar's rank books, I thought I would see if the 



PHYSICAL DIRECTOR S REPORT. 49 

charter or by-laws contained a statement requiring any 
records, method, or system for conducting the executive 
work of Bates College. I applied at the Library asking to 
see the charter and by-laws — none there. I next applied to 
the Secretary and Treasurer of the College, who kindly 
loaned me a copy dated 18*7 7. This contained some very 
excellent by-laws and time-savers for conducting executive 
work. Allow me to quote from the Laws of Bates College. 

THE FACULTY. 

Chapter X, Section 1. — The government of the College 
shall be vested in the President, Professors, Instructors and 
Tutors, who shall be denominated the College Faculty. 

Sec. 2 — One of the Faculty shall be appointed the Secre- 
tary, who shall keep a faithful record of all their proceed- 
ings^ which record shall always be subject to the inspection 
of any member of the corporation. Another shall be ap- 
pointed the College Registrar, to whom instructors and mon- 
itors shall report the average of merits and all demerits and 
neglected exercises; and who shall till out and distribute the 
rank bills of the students. 

Sec. 8. — In all cases of discipline as well as in the gen- 
eral goverment of the College, the members of the Faculty 
shall endeavor to secure the most perfect co-operation, and 
shall share alike the responsibility attaching to their meas- 
ures and votes. 

TIME SAVING REGULATIONS OF THE BOARD OF OVERSEERS. 

Chapter IV, Section 6. — No member shall be allowed in 
any meeting to speak more than ten minutes at any one time, 
or more than twice upon any one subject, without leave of 
the Board. 

Sec. 7. — No conversation shall be allowed in any meet- 
ing of the Board without leave of the chair. 



50 BATES COLLEGE 

Sec. 9. — The yeas and nays shall be taken on any ques- 
tion before the Board at the request of one-fifth of the mem- 
bers present. 

We see by the College laws that the Secretary shall keep 
a faithful record of all the proceedings. This has not been 
done in the past. Should not the votes affecting college 
discipline, the relations between the Faculty and students 
be of such importance as to demand a record? A college 
with over three hundred and fifty students that does not 
keep a complete record of all faculty meetings, and fails 
to employ ordina-ry time-sa.Ying, business devices, is behind 
the times. 

HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL 
TRAINING AND HYGIENE. 

The first ofticial notice concerning a department of 
Physical Training at Bates is the following, taken from Dr. 
O. B. Cheney's report for the year 1888: 

"In all institutions of learning interest in athletics has 
become very intense and many provide superior conven- 
iences for practice and discipline. This has great fascination 
for yonng men, and the fact that our provisions in this di- 
rection are so meagre proves prejudicial to us. Besides it 
cannot be questioned that regular systematic practice in 
athletics is highly beneficial to the student. I recommend 
that the gymnasium be refurnished and that provision be 
made for regular instruction therein." 

During the fall and winter of '88 and '89 the gymnasium 
was equipped with apparatus at an expense of $654.93. 
A Yale graduate, Mr. F. S. Dodge, was employed to 
equip the gymnasium and act as Director of Physical Train- 
ing. 

In his report lor the year 1889, Dr. Cheney states, "The 
marked improvement in the health of many of our students 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 51 

seems to vindicate the wisdom of reasonable expenditures 
in this department." 

Up to this time the athletics of the college consisted of 
base-ball, tennis, and the inter-class field meet. 

From the year 1890 to 1895 the college followed the plan 
of sending several students each year to the Harvard Summer 
School of Physical Training. These students acted as lead- 
ers for their respective classes, the senior member being head 
of this department. 

The following list includes the student instructors in 
Physical Training: W. F. GarcelOn '90, Wi H. Woodman 
'90, Miss Mabel V. Wood '90, A. D. Pinkham '91, Miss 
Alice Beals '91, W. B. Cutts '91, Scott Wilson '92, Miss 
King '92, F. L. Hoffman '93, Miss I. F-. Gould '93, W. A. 
French '94, Miss Ethel I. Cummings '94, W. W. Bolster, Jr. 
'95, Miss Grace Foster '95, O. F. Cutts '96, Miss Mary 
Bussell '97, F. W. Burrell '97. 

During the year 1890 an attempt was made to start an 
inter-collegiate athletic association to conduct track and field 
sports. The faculty decided that Bates should not enter. 
The following reasons were given: Bates is "considered to 
be in many respects entirely independent of the habits, 
customs and practices of other colleges; diligence and faith- 
fulness in the prescribed course of study being the first 
requisite." 

During the year 1891 shower baths were introduced in the 
gymnasium at an expense of 1300. The Trustees voted |150; 
the alumni subscribed |150, this amount being raised largely 
through the efforts of Scott Wilson, '92. 

During this year the faculty made the following require- 
ments for ranking for gymnasium work: (a) .08 shall be 
added to the term's rank of each person who has attended 
gymnastics satisfactorily, (b) Four unexcused absences 
shall be sufficient to cause the student to be summoned before 
the faculty and to lose of ,08 in rank. 



52 BATES COLLEGE 

The first game of foot-ball ever played at Bates was dur- 
ing the fall of 1811, when Tufts came to Lewiston and de- 
feated Bates. This was an easy victory for Tufts, as the 
Bates team had little or no knowledge of the game or even 
uniforms in which to play. 

Eleven years later Bates attempted foot-ball a second time. 
This time the Bates team was equipped with uniforms, but 
was badly defeated by Bowdoin. 

During the summer of 1893, when at Cambridge, with the 
advice and the promise of financial backing from Mr. W. F. 
Garcelon, I purchased eighteen or twenty second-haud foot- 
ball suits of the Harvard Association. As I had purchased the 
suits with my own money, the team elected me captain. This 
position I held until 1 left college to attend the World's 
I'air. With this outfit, foot-ball was successfully started at 
Bates. Considering the number of students and her equipment 
for foot-ball. Bates has won her full share of the Maine college 
games. 

My work in the Department of Physical Training at 
Bates began September, 1892, as one of the student instruct- 
ors. For throe years I continued my position as student 
instructor, during the last two of which I was at the head of 
the Department, Mr. W. A. French, of the class of 1894, 
having left college near the end of his Junior year. 

On my graduation I accepted the position of Director of 
Physical Training, at a salary of |500. A few days after 
accepting the position I was offered a position in Massachu- 
setts that paid a salary of 11200. Now you ask, "Why did 
you stay at Bates?" Because, as an alumnus, I was inter- 
ested in the physical development of Bates students and in 
Bates College. I once told the boys of the first inter- 
collegiate track team that if Bates ever started to build an 
athletic field or gymnasium, I would do my part toward 
giving her just as good an equipment for physical training 



53 

and athletics as any Maine college possessed. This pledge I 
have done my best to redeem. 

The first year after my graduation, 1895, 1896, the work of 
this department, owing to a lack of funds needed for the 
purchase of new apparatus, was conducted on the same plan 
as the two preceding years. 

In order to provide a place to train men for track athletics, 
the following plan was carried out. The road between 
Hathorn Hall and the gymnasium was fenced across at each 
end, the road bed graded, and at each end a raised turn was 
constructed. This arrangement made a quarter mile track, 
the course over the straight-away being run twice. Take-offs 
for the jumps, pole vaults, etc., were also constructed back 
of Parker Hall. 

Nearly all the work for the construction was done by the 
college students under my direction. This was the first 
Bates running track and athletic field. Estimates were se- 
cured for two important improvements: (^ost of heating the 
gymnasium by steam (at this time the gymnasium was heat- 
ed by stoves), and the cost of anthropometric apparatus. 

I quote from President Chase's report, 1895-1896. "I 
cannot commend too warmly the work of our Gymnasium 
Director nor endorse too thoroughly his recommendations 
for the coming year. I am satisfied that no man could be 
found who would turn to better account our somewhat lim- 
ited means for physical culture. An alumnus, ardently loyal, 
an enthusiast, generously equipped for his work, he has 
done much toward making our students appreciative of their 
opportunities, and the public favorably disposed toward our 
college. His services should be retained. The return that 
he asks is, to my knowledge, scarcely one-half the amount 
that he has been solicited to take elsewhere. He understands 
the importance both of gymnastics proper and of athletic 
sports and games, and he knows the relation between the 
two- For the great body of our students it is gymnastic 



54 BATHS COLLEGE 

training that is of paramount importance. The object of 
this has been well stated as 'the building up of a strong body 
as the basis of a strong brain, the widening and deepening 
of the chest, the development of the abdominal muscles, and 
the strengthening of the spine, that the student may be bet- 
ter prepared for the great fight of life.' It will be seen that 
for the comparatively small sum of |1, 136 our gymnasium 
may be made entirely adequate to our present needs. But 
for even this amount we are compelled to look to friends, not 
one dollar being available for the purpose." This year my 
salary was increased to |800. 

During the years ^91-98 this department was placed on a 
scientific basis by the introduction of anthropometric appar- 
atus for making physical examinations in accordance with 
the Sargent system. The first work of a Director of Physi- 
cal training is to find where his students are defective, and 
then prescribe for each a course of exercises to correct faulty 
conditions. The second to see that every student takes 
regular systematic exercise. 

A steam heating apparatus (cost |600) was placed in the 
gymnasium; rooms in Parker Hall were fitted with anthro- 
pometric apparatus; new bowling-alleys were constructed at 
an expense of $400; alley balls were re-turned, windows 
screened; boxing gloves, foils, developing apparatus, etc., 
were added to the gymnasium equipment. 

The money ($973) for these improvements came from the 
subscription started by Rev. W. H. Bowen, and forwarded 
by Mr. Edward Whitney, class "76, and myself. We corre- 
sponded with nearly every Bates graduate. 

The Trusteesappropriated three hundred dollars this year 
in order to complete the gymnasium equipment. This 
equipment, together with the adoption of a plan of student 
leaders, added materially to the efficiency of the work in 
this department. 



55 

This year two athletic exhibitions were given, one at City 
Hall, Lewiston; the other at Norway, Maine. 

The work of the young ladies was placed on the same 
scientific basis as that of boys, Dr. Jane D. Kelley being 
employed to give the physical examinations and lecture on 
personal hygiene for women. 

On May 4, 1898, ground was broken for the Garcelon 
athletic field. The plan devised by the Director of Physical 
Training to get a field started was to get the students 
at work on the field. I proposed the plan to the college 
club, and on my suggestion they appropriated $100 to 
start the work. The faculty excused the students for two days 
in order that they might work on the field. The students 
subscribed $110, which increased the amount given by the 
College Club for hiring teams to start the grading. 

I quote from President Chase's report. *'We are proud 
that we have students eager to use the shovel and the pick in 
grading of the field that we have begun. The sight of them 
toiling in the sun and rain to hasten the time when their 
college may have the coveted place for generous outdoor 
exercise is the strongest appeal that can be made in their 
behalf." 

These amounts, combined with the work dona by the 
students, accomplished at least $500 worth of work in re- 
moving stumps, trees and grading about two acres. 

During July, 1899, Mr. W. F. Garcelon and I called on 
Mr. E. L. Wood of Boston, treasurer of the Franklin Com- 
pany, to beg a strip of land for the athletic field, 511 feet 
long, 63 feet wide. 

When approached with our request, Mr. Wood said at 
once that he wanted nothing to do with Bates College 
because, he stated, the Franklin Company had been treated 
unjustly by the officers of Bates College. After we told him 
how the students had toiled on the field, he became interested 
in the students' work at Bates. Finally he told us to prepare 



56 BATES COLLEGE 

a petition, hand it to him, and he would present it to the 
Directors with the recommendation that the Company deed 
the land to the students of Bates College. The Directors 
voted to give the land to the Students' Association, not to 
the College. Therefore the Athletic association was incorpo- 
rated on June 12, 1899 in order that the deed might be 
made conveying the title to the Athletic association. The 
land value, according to the report of the Garcelon Field 
Construction Committee, dated June 28, 1899 was $750.00. 
At the meeting of the Trustees in June of 1899 my salary 
was increased to $1200.00. 

In my report for the year ending 1900 I made the following 
recommendations: *'to build an addition on the east side of 
the gymnasium, sufficient for the accomodation of the young 
women (with bath and dressing rooms) upstairs and to increase 
the locker-rooms and bath-rooms of the young men down, 
stairs. With the increased interest in Athletics of all kinds, 
and the large increase in the size of each entering class, the 
bath and locker room accomodations are becoming inadequate. 
Not more than half of the students are now accomodated." 

During the spring of 1900 Mr. E. W. Emery '92 coached 
the base ball team; while he was at Bates the base ball cage 
was enlarged, Mr. Emery raising part of the money necessary 
for making this improvement. The spring oi 1901 all the 
work on the Athletic field, such as grading, under drains, 
track, base ball, diamond, foot ball goods, fence, painting of 
fence, base ball back stop, tennis courts, in short everything 
except a grandstand, were completed. The total cost, 
including all gifts, according to the report of the Construc- 
tion Committee dated June 28, 1899, was $7520.15. 

The Athletic field being completed and the gymnasium 
having been heated by steam and equipped with a little new 
apparatus each year, I endeavored to raise the standard of 
work in this department to place it on a par with that of 
other New England colleges, by requiring better attendance 



51 

and rearranging the work made possible by the increased 
equipment. I will quote from my report to President Chase 
for the years 1900 and 1901. "The Faculty seems disposed 
to excuse any student who thinks he does not want to take 
gymnasium work. It makes no difference whether the phy- 
sical examination of the student shows that he needs system- 
atic exercise more than any other work or not. The atten- 
dance of the Freshman class has been very satisfactory, with 
two exceptions. The attendance of the Juniors and Sopho- 
omores has not been satisfactory to me. After students 
have attended Bates two or three years several students de- 
velop in each class who seem to think they can do as they 
please without regard to the requirements of the College as 
shown by the catalogue or vote of the Faculty." 

During the past winter several Faculty meetings were 
held and it was unanimously voted that several students 
should attend gymnasium work as well as other recitations; 
but after several weeks' delay, during which time several 
members of the Faculty talked the matter over with these 
students, this matter of attendance was left to a committee 
of three. I was a member of that committee, rhe com- 
mittee instead of recommending the unanimous vote of the 
faculty be carried out reported as follows: Two members of 
the committee wanted to place gymnasium work for the Jun- 
iors on an optional basis. Why? Two members considered 
that it would be the easiest way out of the difficulty. This 
was not done because of my strong objection. I made a 
minority report as follows: "I believe that when a College 
faculty unanimously votes that students shall attend to their 
work as prescribed in the catalogue, that if they do not, 
they should be required to leave the college at once, not to 
return until they agree to attend to all their work every day." 

The Physical Training was not the only department ne- 
glected by these students. The majority vote of the com- 
mittee prevailed and the matter was neglected till the end of 



58 BATES COLLEGE 

the term when several of these students were dropped. If 
these students had been dropped at the time voted instead 
of at the end of the term, it would have been very stimula- 
ting to gymnasium attendance for several years. 

In order to show you the position taken by the faculties 
of other colleges in regard to gymnasium attendance, 1 wrote 
to Dr. Whittier, Director of the Gymnasium at Bowdoin 
College, and Dr. Edward Hitchcock of Amherst. I quote 
the following from Dr. Whittier of Bowdoin given in my 
report for 1901. "I have looked over our catalogue and find 
but four regular students excused from all gymnasium work 
this year. One of these was excused by the faculty on the 
ground of having to do physical work at home. The others 
were excused on the ground of illness. There were at least 
six others who were excused for more than half of the term. 
Four of these were excused by me and two by the faculty. 
I can think of but three men who were excused by the faculty 
for any considerable part of the term. The men excused by 
the faculty were all poor fellows who did physical labor. I 
gave excuses only on the ground of illness. Most of these 
cases I excused without application on the part of the stu- 
dent. There were three cases excused on physician's certifi- 
cate. Unexcused absences cannot be made up. Special ar- 
rangement is often made whereby a student is allowed to be 
absent from a class exercise and to do the work the next 
Saturday at two o'clock P. M. This is called 'making up' 
by students, it covers only postponements. No one can 
make up a cut. Seniors are required to do the same work 
as other classes. Students are ranked on attendance, i. e. 
if a student is present only half the time he would receive a 
rank of four on a scale of eight. We require 5.5 on a 
scale of eight, so in the above case the student would be 
conditioned and would have to make up the w^ork. The 
mark of four would stand against him on the books no mat- 
ter how thoroughly he made up the work. Gymnasium rank 



59 

counts as any other for class honors at graduation. One 
thirteenth of a student's rank for the four years comes from 
gymnasium attendance." 

I quote the following from a letter received from Dr. 
Hitchcock, of Amherst. "The faculty here put all the few 
excuses from gymnasium work in my hands. We practically 
excuse nobody who is sound in limb and in good health. 
We require four hours each week. Each man can be absent 
one thirteenth of all his exercises in the terra. When they ex- 
ceed that they must be made up. They must make up their 
lost exercise in gymnasium just the same way that they do 
in every other department. We are on a par with them. At 
the end of the term when examinations are going on there 
are a few hours appointed when they can be made up out- 
side the regular course. If not made up then, they must 
be made up under a coach before a man's standing is com- 
plete and before he can get his diploma." 

A short time after my report for the year 1901 was 
handed to President Chase, about the middle of June he 
called at my room with another member of the Faculty and 
told me how much benefit they thought my work had been 
to the College students, then told me the College was very 
hard up financially, and that my salary would have to be re- 
duced $200. I was a little surprised, having heard of no 
financial loss sustained by the college, so I asked President 
Chase at once, "Is that a hint for me to resign? Is my 
work unsatisfactory in any way?" He assured me that my 
work was very satisfactory and that he wished me to remain. 

After the meeting of the Trustees and Overseers I asked 
two or three members of the board if any of the instructors' 
salaries had been reduced. They seemed surprised and each 
one said, "not to my knowledge." 

I soon called on President Chase and asked him what 
action the board had taken in regard to my salary. He told 
me the Board had voted to reduce my salary 1200.00. 



60 BATES COLLEGE 

I then went to two or three members of the board who 
were personal friends and told them I was going to hand in 
my resignation and stated the reason. These men told me 
that my work was satisfactory to the alumni and they said 
"if you will remain we will see that you get an increase the 
next year." The next year my salary was increased 1100.00. 

During the five years previous I had been instrumental in 
raising funds which amounted to more than my total salary 
for the five years, besides carrying on the regular work of my 
department. It was distinctly understood that my salary was 
paid for teaching and not for work as financial agent. All the 
raising of funds and superintending field construction was done 
because of my interest in the success of Bates. I could have 
gone to more profitable fields of work. 

Personally I have always thought that if I had not made 
a minority report and expressed my ideas squarely, my salary 
would not have been cut. 

As no contractor in Lewiston or Auburn had ever con- 
structed a pedestrian track or athletic field I largely super- 
intended the construction of the field. At tlie time (1898) 
the athletic field was constructed there was very little, if any, 
printed literature on athletic field plans or construction. 
With the assistance of Mr. J. G. Jones, I made a prelimin- 
ary plan for a field. This plan was taken by me to the 
following colleges and universities: Bowdoin, Harvard, Yale, 
Columbia University, New York City, where the Directors 
of Physical Training were consulted as to the best method 
of constructino; and arranoins; a small colleo;e athletic field. 
As usual I paid the expenses of the trip. The plan and 
method of construction was, therefore, approved by the 
leading men in the United States. 

About one year after the grandstand was completed I was 
informed by President Chase that it had been decided to 
place the care of the field, such as keeping the track, fence, 
tennis courts, etc., in the hands of the same committee that 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 61 

had charge of the grounds, buildings, etc. and all the work 
done on the field should be under their direct charge, since 
which time my advice in regard to the care of the field has 
been asked only a very few times. When volunteered it has 
been seldom followed. 

Let us see what has been done! There were eight pipes 
arranged as catch-basins for draining surface water, connected 
with the under drain and sewer. tSeveral of these have been 
covered with dirt. The weeds have not been kept down on 
the track during the summer. Last summer the base ball 
diamond was plowed and a large amount of gravel, containing 
about one-third stones, was hauled on and this was leveled 
for a diamond. As the gravel was not screened, the result 
shows thousands on thousands of small stones. A good crop 
will surely turn up each spring. 

This spring several men and two or three teams worked 
several days hauling on to the diamond enough sandy loam 
to cover it about two or three inches. During one afternoon, 
less than one week after the work was completed, this nearly 
all blew away. If the gravel had been screened and clay loam 
or some screened gravel mixed with a little clay used, a very 
good diamond would have been the result. My advice was 
not asked. I was not informed that any money was to be 
expended in fixing the diamond at this time. 

In my report for 1902 I suggested the following plan: 
*'At present all the officers of the Association change each 
year, and there is no connecting link from one set of officers 
to the next. I do not consider this method sound business. 
The Association ought to have a permanent office, fitted with 
desk, safe, books, files for bills, receipts, etc. I recommend 
that in one of the small rooms in the basement of Hathorn Hall, 
should be kept a complete set of books, all the corre- 
spondence of the Association, bills, receipts, stationery, etc., 
for the use of the Treasurer and Directors of the Association. 
I think there ought to be an Alumni Treasurer, to see that 



62 BATES COLLEGE 

all the papers and books are kept properly. Many of the 
other colleges have this arrangement. If we had such an 
office and had each manager keep the list of the games played, 
guarantees received and paid, traveling expenses, hotel bills, 
list of hotels visited by our teams, list of property of 
Association, balls, hats, uniforms, etc., it would be a great 
help to every new manager, and would aid the Athletic Com- 
mittee of the Faculty very much when they wanted to make 
an estimate of expenses for any team. I think I could per- 
suade the College Club to make an appropriation to furnish 
properly such an office with the necessary books, desk, 
stationery, etc." (The Club voted to furnish the office but 
the College has not yet supplied the room.) 

"I am very anxious to see the business of the Association 
conducted properly, and would volunteer to act as. Alumni 
Treasurer, if you and the Athletic Association think it 
advisable. I believe this Association can be put on a paying 
basis if properly conducted. Such an arrangement would 
meet the approval of the alumni. If this plan is adopted, I 
think all bills should be paid inside of ten days, and thus 
the Association would receive from 2% to 5% additional 
discount. At the beginning of each term the Association 
might have to borrow some money, but the cash discounts 
would pay the interest several times over." 

In my report for 1903, I said: "The recommendations as 
suggested in my last report, concerning the financial manage- 
ment of the Athletic Association, have been carried out. 
The Association changed its constitution, and the following 
Advisory Board has be^n elected: J. L. Reed, chairman, L. 
B. Costello, from the alumni; Prof. A. L. Clark and R. H. 
Tukey from the Faculty; E. II. Purington and L. H. Cutten 
from the students. Mr. R. H. Tukey is the alumni treasurer 
elected by the Association. 

"The Faculty voted to assess each student one dollar per 
term for the support of athletics. Each student received 



PHYSICAL director's REPORT. 63 

two tickets, admitting him to any two games, for both foot- 
ball and base-ball. This plan seems to have met with 
the approval of the students, as none of them have objected 
to paying the assessment. 

"Mr. R H. Tukey has introduced the card system for 
student accounts. 

"No arrangement for a permanent treasurer's office has 
yet been made. The College Club have purchased a safe 
for the Association, and will equip a room with proper desks, 
files, etc., if the College will furnish the room." 

In the fall of 1903 a course in physiology was introduced 
for B. S. students as part of the work for this Department. 
The following fall (1904) a short course, ten lectures, in 
Hygiene was introduced for the freshman class. 

Each year since I have been at the head of this Depart- 
ment an athletic exhibition has been given at City Hall, 
Lewiston, showing part of the work as conducted at the 
gymnasium. These exhibitions have netted the Athletic 
Association about 175 per year on an average. Two years 
the Association gave an athletic exhibition at Norway, 
Maine. Daring the past three years a separate exhibition 
has been given by the young women, demonstrating to the 
public the work as arranged for them. Two years this 
exhibition w^as held at City Hall, the last being held in the 
new women's gymnasium. 

The money from the women's exhibition has been used 
for the benefit of the Social Settlement, and added to the 
fund used for sending women students to the Y. M. C. A. 
School at Silver Bay. 

As Director of Physical Training, I have been a member 
of The American Physical Education Association since 1894, 
and a member of The Society of College Gymnasium Direct- 
ors since 1898. I have often represented the College at the 
annual meetings of these Societies, and I represented the 
College at two International Physical Educational conven- 



64 BATES COLLEGE 

tioiis at Paris, 1900, and at St. Louis in 1904, always wholly 
at my own expense. 

At these meetings and conventions the problems to be 
met by Physical Directors have been discussed by the ablest 
men engaged in Physical Training. I have tried to intro- 
duce at Bates the basic conditions for a first class depart- 
ment, courses in Physiology and Hygiene, regular attend- 
ance, credit toward degrees, etc. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

As already shown by this report one of the most urgent 
needs of Bates College is a co-ordinated, well-arranged system 
for the regular routine work. 

The two most essential necessities are (1) Records of all 
votes passed by the Faculty at their meetings. (2) A monitor 
system, so arranged that each student's attendance shall be 
taken at every lecture or laboratory period and all absences 
recorded at the Registrar's office. Each student should be 
required to present all excuses for non-attendance within two 
weeks at the Registrar's office. A student absenting himself 
from classes say live times without an excuse ought to be 
required to take the course over or be summoned before an 
attendance committee to make explanations. I believe such 
a system enforced would raise the standard of scholarship 
twenty-five per cent. 

At a college where the students are absent so much from 
necessity some such plan is absolutely essential to maintain a 
high standard of scholarship. A clerk can be hired to carry 
on the work of the Registrar's office at small expense, or 
scholarship students could be employed. The office could be 
at the Library and should be open at least half of each day. 
In addition this clerk could relieve the Assistant Treasurer of 
large amount of clerical work. A room in Coram library or 
some other building should be equipped for a Registrar's 



PHYSICAL DIRECTOR S REPORT. 65 

office. This office should contain files, record books, etc. 
This would enable students to present excuses when absent 
and the faculty would have an accurate record of each 
student's attendance. The monitor system saves a lot of 
time for each professor and makes the attendance records 
uniform throughout the College. Present conditions are 
deplorably loose. It would not take very long to establish 
the fact among the student body that if a man failed to 
attend his work properly he would be dropped. If these 
two recommendations were followed the faculty would have 
facts instead of "impressions" to guide their conduct. 

The officers of the College ought to employ such a man 
for Director of Physical Training that when he makes a 
recommendation in regard to his Department, it will receive 
the unanimous support of the Faculty in all matters relating 
to attendance and methods of conducting the work of this 
department. The Director ought to be ex-officio Chairman 
of the Athletic Committee of the Faculty and a member of the 
Advisory Board. 

The Charter and By-laws of Bates College should be 
revised to date, printed and sent out as one of the Bulletins, 
in order that the professors, alumni and students may become 
familiar with the laws governing the college. The College 
Treasurer states that only a very few copies of the Charter 
and By-laws, published in 1877, are now in existence. 

I recommend employing an athletic coach for foot- 
ball and base-ball. During the past year the Athletic 
Association has expended about $900 for coaching and 
athletic teams. A track coach should be employed four to 
eight weeks each year. A man could be hired for from one 
thousand to twelve hundred dollars for the year. I believe it 
impossible for one man to coach the teams and attend to the 
regular work of the department of Physical Training and 
Hygiene, according to modern methods. 

Believing that the Bates alumni want "clean athletics". 



66 BATES COLLEGE 

with a standard of scholarship, I should like to see published 
each year in the Student a set of eligibility rules, which 
should apply to all students, and be enforced by the Faculty. 
Examples: Students are ineligible to participate in 
various departments of athletics in the college,, or take part 
in the work of the glee club, or serve as delegates for any of 
the Societies or Associations, 

(1) During the period of probation. 

(2) When a student has failed to make up a condition 
at the appointed time. 

(3) When a student is conditioned in three or more 
(3 hour) courses for one term. 

I recommend that when my successor is engaged a written 
agreement be made, stating just what his position and duties 
are to be at the college. This is required by many of the 
best men teaching Physical Training. 

The Director of Physical Training should be given the 
authority necessary to require regular exercise of every 
student, and every student should be required to report to 
the Director at his office. 

The difficulty at Bates has always been to get students 
to attend with regularity the required loorJc. JVb trouble has 
heeyi experienced by the Director in exercising the students 
after they have arrived in the gym^iasium. 

CONCLUSION. 

The first object of this report is to increase the efficiency 
of the Department of Physical Training and Hygiene. The 
second object is to explain my position in regard to clean ath- 
letics and to show the exact conditions as they exist at Bates 
College. The third object is to show the proper functions 
of this department, i. e. , some of its specific duties. 

In this report I have tried to make every statement fair and 
in accordance with the facts. I have endeavored to confine 



67 

myself to conditions directly or indirectly affecting the effi- 
ciency of the Department of Physical Training and Hygiene. 
The existing conditions being understood, my successor 
ought to receive the support and the authority necessary to 
place the Department of Physical Training and Hygiene at 
Bates on a par with that in any New England College. The 
present conditions show a lack of such support. I hope this 
plain statement of facts to those directly interested in Bates 
College will accomplish the desired results. 

At the Director's offices are filed the following: records of 
all the physical examinations, carbon copies of Director's 
reports to the President, carbon copies of important commit- 
tee reports, letters from the Alumni sending contributions 
toward equipment of the gymnasium or construction of the 
athletic field, card files containing accounts of money ex- 
pended by this Department, correspondence about the new 
gymnasium equipment, programs of exhibitions, etc. My 
successor will find a complete and systematic record of this 
department for ten years. If I were not an Alumnus deeply 
interested in the progress and development of Bates Col- 
lege I never should have taken the expense and trouble 
necessary to present these facts. 

Finally, I wish to tbank the alumni and friends most 
heartily for the assistance they have generously given in 
furthering the aims of the Department as herein stated, and 
[ wish it clearly understood that I have no ill-will toward 
the institution or its officers, but publish these facts because 
of my firm conviction that it is my duty as an officer and 
alumnus of Bates College. 

W. W. BOLSTER, JR. 

Director of Physical Training^ 
Instructor in Physiology and Hygiene. 



JUN 21 1905. 



